LES CHEMINS DE FER ALLEMANDS ET LA SHOAH
La Conférence de Wannsee eut lieu le 20 janvier 1942, à Berlin, pour coordonner la mise en oeuvre de la "Solution finale" de la question juive. À Wannsee, les SS de l'Office central de sécurité du Reich estimèrent que la "solution finale" – qui était déjà en cours – impliquerait en fin de compte 11 millions de Juifs européens ; les planificateurs nazis prévoyant d’y inclure les Juifs vivant dans les pays neutres ou non-occupés comme l'Irlande, la Suède, la Turquie et la Grande-Bretagne.
Le réseau ferroviaire européen joua un rôle crucial dans la mise en oeuvre de la "Solution finale". Les Juifs d'Allemagne et ceux de l'Europe occupée par les Allemands furent déportés par train vers les camps d'extermination en Pologne occupée, où ils allaient être assassinés. Les Allemands tentèrent de déguiser leurs intentions criminelles en qualifiant ces déportations de "repeuplement à l'est". On disait aux victimes qu'elles étaient envoyées dans des camps de travaux forcés, mais en réalité, dès 1942, la déportation signifia pour la plupart des Juifs le voyage vers les camps d'extermination.
Le réseau ferré européen, 1939
Des déportations à cette échelle exigeaient la coordination de nombreux ministères et organismes de l’État allemand, y compris celle de l'Office central de sécurité du Reich (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, RSHA), du ministère des Transports, du ministère des Affaires étrangères et la Reichsbahn, l'entreprise d'Etat de chemin de fer. Le RSHA coordonnait et gérait les déportations ; le ministère des Transports organisait le trafic ferroviaire ; et le ministère des Affaires étrangères était en pourparlers avec les États alliés des Allemands pour la livraison de leurs Juifs.
Les Allemands utilisèrent aussi bien des wagons de marchandises que de voyageurs pour les déportations. Ils ne fournissaient aux déportés ni alimentation ni eau, même quand les convois devaient attendre des jours durant sur des voies de triage pour laisser le passage à d'autres trains. Les gens déportés dans des wagons de marchandises scellés souffraient de l’intense chaleur en été, des températures glaciales en hiver et de la puanteur de l'urine et des excréments. A part un seau, aucune disposition n’était prise pour les besoins sanitaires. Privés de nourriture et d’eau, beaucoup de déportés mouraient avant même que les trains n'atteignent leur destination. Les gardes armés tuaient ceux qui essayaient de s'échapper. Entre l’automne 1941 et l’automne 1944, des millions de gens furent transportés par train vers les camps d'extermination et autres sites de destruction dans la Pologne et l'Union Soviétique occupées.
Maintenant il est plus simple de dire que cela aurait etait inutile car je n'ai jamais dis que cela aurait supprimer mais RALENTIE la CATASTROPHE
DEPORTATIONS TO EXTERMINATION CAMPS
During their quest to conquer Europe and rearrange the ethnic composition of eastern Europe, the Nazis used deportation by train to forcibly remove members of ethnic groups from the territory on which they lived. They intended to remove all Jews from Europe, eventually through systematic mass murder. The Germans used rail systems across the continent to transport Jews to eastern Europe. After they began to methodically kill Jews in specially constructed killing centers, the Nazis deported Jews by train and, when trains were not available and the distances were short, by forced march or truck. Sometime during 1941, the Nazis decided to implement the "Final Solution", the systematic murder of European Jewry.
At the Wannsee Conference on January 20, 1942, held near Berlin, German SS and state officials met to coordinate the deportation of European Jews to extermination camps already in operation or under construction in German-occupied Poland. The participants of the conference estimated that the "Final Solution" would involve the deportation and eventual murder of 11 million Jews, including even those Jewish residents of nations outside German control, such as Ireland, Sweden, Turkey, and Great Britain.
Major deportations to extermination camps, 1942-1944
See maps
Deportations on this scale required the coordination of numerous German government agencies including the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the Main Office of the Order Police, the Ministry of Transportation, and the Foreign Office. The RSHA or regional SS and police leaders coordinated and often directed the deportations. The Order Police, often reinforced by local auxiliaries or collaborators in occupied territories, rounded up and transported the Jews to the extermination camps. The Ministry of Transportation coordinated train schedules. The Foreign Office negotiated with Germany's Axis allies over the transfer of their Jewish citizens to German custody.
The Germans attempted to disguise their intentions. They sought to portray the deportations as a "resettlement" of the Jewish population in labor camps in the "East." In reality, the "resettlement" in the "East" was a euphemism for transport to the extermination camps and mass murder.
The Germans used both freight and passenger cars for the deportations. The deportees were usually not given food or water for the journey, even when they had to wait for days on railroad spurs for other trains to pass. Those packed in sealed freight cars suffered from overcrowding. They endured intense heat during the summer and freezing temperatures during the winter. Aside from a bucket, there was no sanitary facility. The stench of urine and excrement added to the humiliation and suffering of the deportees. Lacking food and water, many of the deportees died before the trains reached their destinations. The transports were accompanied by armed police guards who had orders to shoot anyone who tried to escape.
Between December 1941 and July 1942, the Nazis established extermination camps in occupied Poland--Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Birkenau was part of the Auschwitz camp complex, which also functioned as a concentration camp deploying forced labor. Another concentration camp, located near Lublin and known as Majdanek, served as a site for murdering targeted groups of Jewish and non-Jewish prisoners by gas and other means. The Germans killed at least three million Jews in the extermination camps.
Deportations to the extermination camps at Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka were carried out within the framework of Aktion Reinhard and managed by SS and police authorities in the Lublin district of the Generalgouvernement (territory in the interior of occupied Poland). Jews from southern and southeastern Poland were the principal victims at Belzec. Most Jews deported to Sobibor came from the Lublin district. Jews from the Warsaw and Radom districts were deported to Treblinka and killed there. German authorities deported the Jews in the Lodz ghetto to the Chelmno extermination camp, established in western Poland in December 1941.
The Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp played a significant role in the German plan to kill the European Jews. Trains arrived at Auschwitz-Birkenau almost daily with transports of Jews from virtually every German-occupied country of Europe--from as far north as Norway to the island of Rhodes off the coast of Turkey in the south, from the Pyrenees in the west to the easternmost reaches of Poland and the Baltic states.
WESTERN AND NORTHERN EUROPE
German officials and local collaborators deported Jews from western Europe via transit camps such as Drancy in France, Westerbork in the Netherlands, and Mechelen in Belgium. Of the approximately 75,000 Jews deported from France, more than 65,000 were deported from Drancy to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Germans deported over 100,000 Jews from the Netherlands, almost all from Westerbork: about 60,000 to Auschwitz and over 34,000 to Sobibor. Between August 1942 and July 1944, 28 trains transported more than 25,000 Jewish deportees from Belgium to Auschwitz-Birkenau via Mechelen.
In the autumn of 1942, the Germans seized approximately 770 Norwegian Jews and deported them by boat and train to Auschwitz. An effort to deport the Danish Jews in September 1943 failed when the Danish resistance, alerted to the impending roundup, assisted the mass escape of Danish Jews to neutral Sweden.
SOUTHERN EUROPE
The Germans deported Jews from Greece, from Italy, and from Croatia. Between March and August 1943, more than 40,000 Jews were deported from Salonika, in northern Greece, to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Most of the deportees were killed by gas on arrival. After the Germans occupied northern Italy in September 1943, they deported about 8,000 Jews, most of them to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Based on a German agreement with its Croatian Axis ally, around 7,000 Croatian Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau.
The Bulgarian government refused to permit the deportation of its Jewish residents living within the prewar boundaries of Bulgaria. Bulgarian gendarmes and military units, however, rounded up and deported around 7,000 Jewish residents of Bulgarian-occupied Macedonia, formerly a part of Yugoslavia, via a transit camp at Skopje. From Bulgarian-occupied Thrace, approximately 4,000 Jews were concentrated at two assembly points in Bulgaria and transferred to German custody. In all, Bulgaria deported more than 11,000 Jews to German-controlled territory. Most of them were sent to Treblinka and killed.
CENTRAL EUROPE
German authorities began to deport Jews from Germany, Austria, the Sudetenland, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the autumn of 1941, even before the extermination camps were established in occupied Poland. Between October and December 1941, nearly 50,000 Jews were deported from Germany to the Lodz and Warsaw ghettos in Poland, the Minsk ghetto in Belorussia, the Kovno ghetto in Lithuania, and the Riga ghetto in Latvia. German, Austrian, and Czech Jews sent to Lodz and Warsaw were later deported with Polish Jews to Chelmno, Treblinka, and, in 1944, to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Some German Jews deported to ghettos in the Baltic states and Belorussia were shot by the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units).
In 1942 and 1943, most of the Jews remaining in Germany were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Germans deported elderly or prominent Jews from Germany, Austria, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and western Europe to the Theresienstadt ghetto, which also served as a transit camp for deportations further east, most often to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Between May and July 1944, Hungarian gendarmes, in cooperation with German security police, deported nearly 440,000 Jews from Hungary. Most of them were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. More than 50,000 Slovak Jews were deported to Majdanek and Auschwitz-Birkenau. In the last major deportation of the war, some 10,000 Slovak Jews were deported to Auschwitz in the autumn of 1944, during the Slovak uprising.
La spéculation sur la vérité est, en un sens difficile et , en un autre sens facile.
Ce qui le prouve, c'est que nul ne peut atteindre adéquatement la vérité ni la manquer tout à fait .
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, l'instinct de conservation est celui qui prime le plus que ce soit pour lui ou pour sa famille, il m'est plus facile de comprendre la réaction des gens à cette époque.
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. La question ici soulevée est de se demander comment doit se manifester en 2005 le devoir de mémoire.
Il faut arreter de croire tout ce que vous entendez. Le gouvernement Irakien sort des bancs des universités américaines. C'est tout juste s'ils ont pas NSA de tatouer sur le cul. Les irakiens sont à ce jour infoutus de faire un scrutin démocratique et sécurisé, alors ne parlons pas chiffre, c'est bon pour le plouc américain qui veut savoir où sont ses dollards pendant qu'il s'empiffre à Noêl devant un bon feu. Les elections n'ont été qu'une enorme mascarade.
